A study, by the Roslin Institute in collaboration with aquaculture research hub WorldFish and the Department of Fisheries Malaysia, is the first to apply a pooled sequencing approach to identifying genes under selection in Nile tilapia, allowing the analysis of DNA from multiple individuals simultaneously and generating rich data while driving down costs.

Scientists have identified genes showing evidence of breeding for desirable traits in one of the world’s most widely farmed fish, which could inform their production and have the potential to increase food security.

Genetic analysis revealed genes associated with muscle development and fillet yield in a region of the chromosome showing evidence of changes brought about by selection on the genome, either from environmental effects or human-mediated breeding. The finding makes the genetic variants in this region potential targets for the selective breeding of fish for the market, researchers say.

The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the genetic makeup of farmed Nile tilapia populations, shedding light on the recent domestication process. By better understanding patterns in this species’ genes, breeders can make informed decisions to enhance the productivity and sustainability of these farmed fish. The study also provided validation for the usefulness of an open-access tool previously developed at the Roslin Institute to identify differences in the species’ genetic makeup.

The results of this study open new avenues for further research and advancement in Nile tilapia breeding programs, contributing to the growth and development of aquaculture practices worldwide.

“Our research may benefit both the aquaculture industry and consumers by improving the quality and efficiency of Nile tilapia breeding. This study carries potential implications for the genetic management and improvement of Nile tilapia populations to meet the growing demand for sustainable seafood, and ensure the long-term viability of tilapia farming, “Pam Weiner from Roslin Institute.

This research was supported by the CGIAR Research Programme on Fish Agri-Food Systems (FISH) led by WorldFish.

Reference:

Barría, A., Peñaloza, C., Papadopoulou, A., Mahmuddin, M., Doeschl-Wilson, A., H. Benzie, J. A., Houston, R. D., & Wiener, P. (2023). Genetic differentiation following recent domestication events: A study of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) populations. Evolutionary Applications, 16(6), 1220-1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13560